Imigração, Atividades Empreendedoras e Mudança Social em Contextos Rurais: Um Balanço Teórico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59072/rper.vi59.91Palavras-chave:
neo-ruralidade, imigração, empreendedorismo, gentrificação ruralResumo
A análise teórica desenvolvida centra-se nos contributos conceptuais e de pesquisa empírica mais relevantes sobre os fluxos migratórios que, associados a determinadas atividades, projetos e estilos de vida, são atraídos pelas condições existentes nas áreas rurais. Esta análise é guiada por quatro questões: (i) quais as imagens, possibilidades e recursos que conferem atratividade migratória aos territórios rurais? (ii) quem são os migrantes que se deslocam para o campo e quais as suas razões e motivações? (iii) qual a relação destas migrações com processos de inovação e empreendedorismo? (iv) em que medida e de que forma os fluxos de neo-rurais proporcionam processos de gentrificação? A revisão apoia-se em artigos e livros indexados nas bases Scopus e Web of Science, sendo complementada com a análise de obras não indexadas, mas de referência. Como resultado, constatou-se que o neo-ruralismo empreendedor é protagonizado por indivíduos que deixam os centros urbanos motivados pela procura de novos estilos de vida e/ou por oportunidades de desenvolver determinadas atividades económicas. Neste processo, tendem a fomentar a inovação, processos de desenvolvimento local e, não raramente, a gentrificação dos contextos rurais.
Referências
Almeida, Mara, Loupa-Ramos, Isabel, Menezes, Helena, Carvalho-Ribeiro, Sónia, Guiomar, Nuno, & Pinto-Correia, Teresa (2016), “Urban population looking for rural landscapes: Different appreciation patterns identified in Southern Europe”, Land Use Policy, Vol. 53, pp. 44-55.
Altieri, Miguel A., & Nicholls, Clara I. (2017), “Agroecology: A brief account of its origins and currents of thought in Latin America”, Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, Vol. 41, nº 3-4, pp. 231-237.
Andrade, Maria, & Caamaño-Franco, Iria (2018), “Theoretical and methodological model for the study of social perception of the impact of industrial tourism on local development”, Social Sci- ences, Vol. 7, nº 11, pp. 217.
Anthopoulou, Theodosia, Kaberis, Nicolaos, & Petrou, Michael (2017). “Aspects and experiences of crisis in rural Greece. Narratives of rural resilience”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 52, pp 1-11.
Bakas, Fiona Eva, Duxbury, Nancy, & Castro, Tiago Vinagre (2019), “Creative tourism: Catalysing artisan entrepreneur networks in rural Portugal”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 25, nº 4, pp. 731-752.
Beck, Ulrich (1999), O que é Globalização? Equívocos do Globalismo: Respostas à Globalização, São Paulo, Paz e Terra.
Belasco, Warren (2005), “Food and the counterculture: A story of bread and politics” in Watson, James L., & Caldwell, Melissa L. (eds.), The Cultural Politics of Food and Eating, Oxford, Blackwell, pp. 217-234.
Bell, David (2006), “Variations on the rural idyll” in Cloke, Paul, Marsden, Terry, & Mooney, Pat- rick H. (eds.), Handbook of Rural Studies, London, Sage Publications, pp. 294-296.
Bell, Martin, Charles‐Edwards, Elin, Ueffing, Phillip, Stillwell, John, Kupiszewski, Marek, & Kupiszewska, Dorota (2015), “Internal migration and development: Comparing migration intensities around the world”, Population and Development Review, Vol. 41, nº 1, pp. 33-58.
Bensemann, Jo, Warren, Lorraine, & Anderson, Alistair (2018), “Entrepreneurial engagement in a depleted small town: Legitimacy and embeddedness”, Journal of Management & Organization, Vol. 10, pp 1-17.
Benson, Michaela, & O’Reilly, Karen (2009), “Migration and the search for a better way of life: A critical exploration of lifestyle migration”, The Sociological Review, Vol. 57, nº 4, pp. 608-625.
Bernard, Josef (2019), “Families and local opportunities in rural peripheries: Intersections between resources, ambitions and the residential environment”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 66, pp. 43-51.
Berry, Brian J. L. (1976), Urbanization and Counter-urbanization, Londres, Sage.
Bijker, Rixt A., Haartsen, Tialda, & Strijker, Dirk (2012), “Migration to less-popular rural areas in the Netherlands: Exploring the motivations”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 28, nº 4, pp. 490-498.
Boschma, Ron (2005), “Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment”, Regional Studies, Vol. 39, nº 1, pp. 61-74.
Boscoboinik, Andrea, & Bourquard, Eric (2012), “Glamping and rural imaginary” in Horáková, Hana, & Boscoboinik, Andrea (eds.), From Production to Consumption: Transformation of Rural Com- munities, Münster, Lit Verlag, pp. 149-164.
Bosworth, Gary, & Finke, Hanne (2020), “Commercial counterurbanisation: A driving force in rural economic development”, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, Vol. 52, nº 3, pp. 654-674. Bourhis, John (2017), “Narrative literature review” in Allen, Mike (ed.), The Sage Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, Thousand Oaks, Sage, pp. 1076-1077
Bowler, Ian R., Bryant, Christopher R., & Nellis, M. Duane (1992), Contemporary Rural Systems in Transition, Totnes, CABI Publishing.
Branco, João, Oliveira, Márcia, Ferreira, Ricardo, & Póvoa, Orlanda (2014), Desertification in Por- tugal: Causes, consequences and possible solutions, in O Futuro do Mundo Rural em Questão: Atas do I Congresso de Estudos Rurais do Norte Alentejano, Coleção C3i, n.º 4, pp. 267-279.
Candiotto, Luciano Z. P., & Corrêa, Walquíria K. (2008), “Ruralidades, urbanidades e a tecnicização do rural no contexto do debate cidade-campo”, Campo - Território: Revista de Geografia Agrária, Vol. 3 nº 5, pp. 214-242.
Carson, Doris A., & Carson, Dean B. (2018), “International lifestyle immigrants and their contribu- tions to rural tourism innovation: Experiences from Sweden’s far north”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 64, pp. 230-240.
Caulkins, Douglas, & Jordan, Ann (2012), A Companion to Organizational Anthropology, Chiches- ter, Wiley-Blackwell.
Champion, Anthony (1989), Counterurbanization: The Changing Pace and Nature of Population De- concentration, Londres, Edward Arnold.
Champion, Anthony (1997), “The facts about the urban exodus”, Town and country planning: The Quarterly Review of the Town and Country Planning Association, Vol. 66, nº 3, pp. 77-79.
Champion, Anthony (1998), “Studying counterurbanisation and the rural population turnaround”, in Boyle, Paul & Halfacree, Keith (eds.), Migration Into Rural Areas: Theories and Issues, West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 21-40.
Chevalier, Michel (1993), “Neo-rural phenomena”, L’ Espace Géographique, Vol. 1, nº 1, pp. 175- 191.
Christensen, Lene K., Høyer, Kristine M., & Svendsen, Gunnar L. H. (2020), “Capital configurations and trade-offs: How do families with children, wishing to move to a rural area, search for their new location in order to achieve desired forms of capital?”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 77, pp.148-158.
Cloke, Paul (1985), “Counter-urbanisation: A rural perspective”, Geography, Vol. 70, pp. 13-23. Cloke, Paul, Phillips, Martin, & Thrift, Nigel (1998), “Class, colonisation and lifestyle strategies in Gower”, in Boyle, Paul, & Halfacree, Keith (eds.), Migration Into Rural Areas: Theories and Issues, Chichester, Wiley, pp. 166-185.
Cooke, Philip (2004), “Regional knowledge capabilities, embeddedness of firms and industry organ- isation: Bioscience megacentres and economic Geography”, European Planning Studies, Vol. 12, nº 5, pp. 625–641.
Cortés-Vazquéz, José A. (2014), “A natural life: Neo-rurals and the power of everyday practices in protected areas”, Journal of Political Ecology, Vol. 21, nº 1, pp. 493-515.
Costello, Lauren (2009), “Urban–rural migration: Housing availability and affordability”, Australian Geographer, Vol. 40, nº 2, pp. 219-233.
Covas, António (2013), “Em busca da segunda ruralidade”, Revista XXI - Ter Opinião, nº 2, pp. 70-
Dabić, Marina, Vlačić, Bozidar, Paul, Justin, Dana, Leo-Paul, Sahasranamam, Sreevas, & Glinka, Beata (2020), “Immigrant entrepreneurship: A review and research agenda”, Journal of Business Re- search, Vol. 113, pp. 25-38.
Dinis, Isabel, & Malta, Miguel (2001), “Da desvitalização à nova ruralidade: Identidades e destinos do território na serra da Lousã”, in 1º Congresso de Estudos Rurais, pp.16-18.
Dinis, Isabel, Simões, Orlando, Cruz, Cristina, & Teodoro, Ana (2019), “Understanding the impact of intentions in the adoption of local development practices by rural tourism hosts in Portugal”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 72, pp. 92-103.
Dirksmeier, Peter (2008), “Strife in the rural idyll? The relationship between autochthons and in- migrants in scenic regions of Bavaria”, Erdkunde, Vol. 62, nº 2, pp. 159-171.
Dymitrow, Mirek, & Halfacree, Keith (2018), “Sustainability – differently”, Bulletin of Geography, Socio-Economic Series, Vol. 40, nº40, pp. 7-16.
Escribano, Paula, Hummel, Agata, Molina, José L., & Lubbers, Miranda J. (2020), “Él es empreen- dedor, pero yo no, yo soy autónomo: Autorrepresentación y subsistencia de los neocampesinos em Ca- taluña”, AIBR – Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana, Vol. 15, nº 1, pp. 129-156.
Fassio, Claudio, Montobbio, Fabio, & Venturini, Aalessandra (2019), “Skilled migration and inno- vation in European industries”, Research Policy, Vol. 48, nº 3, pp. 706-718.
Fernandes, José, Chamusca, Pedro, Bragança, Pedro, Formigo, Nuno, Marques, Hélder, & Silva, Ângela (2016), “Aldeias de montanha: Os problemas, as perspetivas e as propostas, vistos desde as serras da Aboboreira, Marão e Montemuro, no Noroeste de Portugal”, GOT-Revista de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território, nº 9, pp. 113-137.
Fielding, Tony (1992), “Migration and social change” in Champion, Tony, & Fielding, Tony (eds.), Migration Processes and Patterns: Research Progress and Prospects, Londres, Belhaven Press, pp. 225- 247.
Fischer, Manfred M., & Nijkamp, Peter (2019), “The nexus of entrepreneurship and regional devel- opment” in Capello, Roberta, & Nijkamp, Peter (eds.), Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 198-217.
Fløysand, Arnt, & Jakobsen, Stig-Erik (2011), “The complexity of innovation: A relational turn”, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 35, nº 3, pp. 328-344.
Flynn, Moya, & Kay, Rebecca (2017), “Migrants’ experiences of material and emotional security in rural Scotland: Implications for longer-term settlement”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 52, pp. 56-65.
Frank, Kathryn I., & Hibbard, Michael (2016), “Production, consumption, and protection: Perspec- tives from North America on the multifunctional transition in rural planning”, International Planning Studies, Vol. 21, nº 3, pp. 245-260.
Freire, Carlos T., Maruyama, Felipe M., & Polli, Marco (2017). “Inovação e empreendedorismo: Políticas públicas e ações privadas”, Novos Estudos, nº 109, pp. 50-76.
Frey, William H. (1987), “Migration and depopulation of the metropolis: Regional restructuring or rural renaissance?”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 52, nº 2, pp. 240-257.
Frey, William H. (1993), “The new urban revival in the United States”, Urban Studies, Vol. 30, nº 4-5, pp. 741-774.
Fritsch, Michael, Brixy, Udo, & Falck, Oliver (2006), “The effect of industry, region, and time on new business survival: A multi-dimensional analysis”, Review of Industrial Organization, Vol. 28, nº 3, pp. 285-306.
Fussell, Elizabeth, Curtis, Katherine J., & DeWaard, Jack (2014), “Recovery migration to the city of New Orleans after hurricane Katrina: A migration systems approach”, Population and Environ- ment, Vol. 35, nº 3, pp. 305-322.
Gallent, Nick (2011), “Gentrification and the discourses of housing affordability, localness and pri- ority in rural England”, Planning Theory and Practice, Vol. 12, nº 4, pp. 611-618.
Ghose, Rina (2004), “Big sky or big sprawl? Rural gentrification and the changing cultural landscape of Missoula, Montana”, Urban Geography, Vol. 25, nº 6, pp. 528-549 .
Ghosh, Sucharita, & Mastromarco, Camilla (2018), “Exports, immigration and human capital in US states”, Regional Studies, Vol. 52, nº 6, pp. 840-852.
Giannakis, Elias, & Bruggeman, Adriana (2019), “Regional disparities in economic resilience in the European Union across the urban–rural divide”, Regional Studies, Vol.54, nº 9, pp. 1-14.
Gieling, Joost, Vermeij, Lotte, & Haartsen, Tialda (2017), “Beyond the local-newcomer divide: Vil- lage attachment in the era of mobilities”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 55, pp. 237-247.
Gkartzios, Menelaos (2018), “Mobilities beyond counterurbanisation: Questions of context” in Kor- del, Stefan, Weidinger, Tobias, & Jelen, Igor (eds.), Processes of Immigration in Rural Europe: The Status Quo, Implications and Development Strategies, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Pub- lishing, pp. 2-23.
Gkartzios, Menelaos, & Scott, Mark (2012), “Gentrifying the rural? Planning and market processes in rural Ireland”, International Planning Studies, Vol. 17, nº 3, pp. 253-276.
Gliessman, Stephen R. (2014), Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems, Boca Ra- ton, CRC Press.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor-GEM (2013), GEM Portugal 2004-2013: Uma Década de Empre- endedorismo em Portugal, Lisboa, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa e Sociedade Portuguesa de Inova- ção.
González, Pablo A. (2016), “Heritage and rural gentrification in Spain: The case of Santiago Millas”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 23, nº 2, pp. 125-140.
Gosnell, Hannah, & Abrams, Jesse (2011), “Amenity migration: Diverse conceptualizations of driv- ers, socioeconomic dimensions, and emerging challenges”, GeoJournal, Vol. 76, nº 4, pp. 303-322.
Greenlee, Kathy (2019), “Why people choose the rural life”, GENERATIONS - Journal of the Amer- ican Society on Aging, Vol. 43, nº 2, pp 6-8.
Gretter, Alessandro, Torre, Cristina D., Maino, Frederica, & Omizzolo, Andrea (2019), “New farm- ing as an example of social innovation responding to challenges of inner mountain areas of Italian Alps”, Journal of Alpine Research - Revue de Géographie Alpine, Vol. 107, nº 2, pp. 1-16.
Grillitsch, Markus, & Sotarauta, Markku (2019), “Trinity of change agency, regional development paths and opportunity spaces”, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 44, nº 4, pp. 704-723.
Guimond, Laurie, & Simard, Myriam (2010), “Gentrification and neo-rural populations in the Qué- bec countryside: Representations of various actors”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 26, nº 4, pp. 449- 464.
Gurría, Angel (2007), “Innovative rural regions. The role of human capital and technology”, Paper apresentado na OECD Rural Conference, Cáceres, Centro Cultural San Francisco.
Halfacree, Keith H. (1993), “Locality and social representation: Space, discourse and alternative def- initions of the rural”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 9, nº 1, pp. 23-37.
Halfacree, Keith H. (1996), “Out of place in the countryside: Travellers and the ‘rural idyll’”, Anti- pode, Vol. 29, nº 1, pp. 42-72.
Halfacree, Keith H. (1997), “Contrasting roles for the post-productivist countryside” in Cloke, Paul,
& Little, Jo (eds.), Contested Countryside Cultures, Londres, Routledge, pp. 67-91.
Halfacree, Keith H., & Boyle, Paul (1998), “Migration, rurality and the post-productivist country- side” in Boyle, Paul, & Halfacree, Keith (eds.), Migration into Rural Areas: Theories and Issues, Lon- dres, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-20.
Hall, Bronwyn (2011), Innovation and productivity, NBER Working Paper, nº 17178, National Bu- reau of Economic Research, Inc.
Hansen, Niles M. (1973), The Future of Nonmetropolitan America: Studies in the Reversal of Rural and Small-Town Population Decline, Massachusetts, Lexington Books.
Harper, Sarah (1991), “People moving to the countryside: Case studies of decision-making” in Champion, Tony, & Watkins, Charles (eds.), People in the Countryside: Studies of Social Change in Rural Britain, Londres, Paul Chapman Publishing, pp. 22-37.
Herslund, Lise (2012), “The rural creative class: Counterurbanisation and entrepreneurship in the Danish countryside”, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol, 52, nº 2, pp. 235-255.
Hindle, Kevin (2010), “How community context affects entrepreneurial process: A diagnostic frame- work”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 22, nº 7-8, pp. 599-647.
Hines, J. Dwight (2007), “The persistent frontier and the rural gentrification of the Rocky Mountain West”, Journal of the West, Vol. 46, nº 1, pp. 63.
Hines, J. Dwight (2010) “In pursuit of experience: The postindustrial gentrification of the rural American West”, Ethnography, Vol. 11, nº 2, pp. 285-308.
Holmes, John, & Argent, Neil (2016), “Rural transitions in the Nambucca Valley: Socio-demo- graphic change in a disadvantaged rural locale”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 48, pp. 129-142.
Honig, Benson (2019), “Exploring the intersection of transnational, ethnic, and migration entrepre- neurship”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 1-17.
Hvenegaard, Glen T., Hallstrom, Lars K., & Brand, Kelaine L. P. (2019), “Implementation dynamics for sustainability planning in rural Canada”, Journal of Rural and Community Development, Vol. 14, nº 1, pp. 54-76.
Jarrahi, Mohammad H, Philips, Gabriela, Sutherland, Will, Sawyer, Steve, & Erickson, Ingrid (2019), “Personalization of knowledge, personal knowledge ecology, and digital nomadism”, Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 70, nº 4, pp. 313-324.
Kalantaridis, Christos (2010), “In-migration, entrepreneurship and rural–urban interdependencies: The case of East Cleveland, North East England”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 26, nº 4, pp. 418-427. Kayser, Bernard (1990), La Renaissance Rurale. Sociologie des Campagnes du Monde Occidental, Paris, Armand Colin.
Kibler, Edwald, Fink, Matthias, Lang, Richard, & Muñoz, Pablo (2015), “Place attachment and so- cial legitimacy: Revisiting the sustainable entrepreneurship journey”, Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Vol. 3, pp. 24-29.
Kjaerulff, Jens (2010), Internet and Change: An Ethnography of Knowledge and Flexible Work, Hojbjerg, Intervention Press.
Kolehmainen, Jari, Irvine, Joe, Stewart, Linda, Karacsonyi, Zoltan, Szabó, Tünde, Alarinta, Juha, & Norberg, Anders (2016), “Quadruple helix, innovation and the knowledge-based development: Lessons from remote, rural and less-favoured regions”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 7, nº 1, pp. 23-42.
Korsgaard, Steffen, Ferguson, Richard, & Gaddefors, Johan (2015), “The best of both worlds: How rural entrepreneurs use placial embeddedness and strategic networks to create opportunities”, Entrepre- neurship & Regional Development, Vol. 27, nº 9-10, pp. 574-598.
Korsgaard, Steffen, Müller, Sabine, & Tanvig, Hanne W. (2015), “Rural entrepreneurship or entre- preneurship in the rural – between place and space”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior
& Research, Vol. 21, nº 1, pp. 5-26.
Kovács, Katalin (2012). “Rescuing a small village school in the context of rural change in Hun- gary”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 28, nº 2, pp. 108-117.
Krannich, Richard, & Petrzelka, Peggy (2003), “Tourism and natural amenity development: Real opportunities?” in Brown, David L., & Swanson, Louis E. (eds.), Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-First Century, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 190-199.
Kruger, Maria E. (2004), Creativity in the entrepreneurship domain, Tese de Doutoramento, Pretoria, South Africa, University of Pretoria.
Largo, Harley, & Ribeiro, Paulo (2019), “A bus demand model for low-density territories in Conti- nental Portugal”, International Journal of Transportation Systems, Vol. 4, pp. 8-17.
Li, Yuheng, Westlund, Hans, & Liu, Yansui (2019), “Why some rural areas decline while some others not: An overview of rural evolution in the world”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 68, pp. 135-143. Li, Yuheng, Westlund, Hans, Zheng, Xiaoyu, & Liu, Yansui (2016), “Bottom-up initiatives and re- vival in the face of rural decline: Case studies from China and Sweden”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 47, pp. 506-513.
Lloyd, Robert A., & Vengrouskie, Edward F. (2019), “Digital circumvention as a means to overcome geographic limitations: Defining the new rural entrepreneurial ecosystem”, Journal of Strategic Innova- tion and Sustainability, Vol. 14, nº 4, pp. 63-70.
Löffler, Roland, Walder, Judith, Beismann, Michael, Warmuth, Wolfgang, & Steinicke, Ernst (2016), “Amenity migration in the Alps: Applying models of motivations and effects to 2 case studies in Italy”, Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 36, nº 4, pp. 484-493.
Luz, Ana C., Buijs, Maartje, Aleixo, Cristiana, Metelo, Inês, Grilo, Filipa, Branquinho, Cristina, Santos-Reis, Margarida, & Pinho, Pedro (2019), “Should I stay or should I go? Modelling the fluxes of urban residents to visit green spaces”, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Vol. 40, pp. 195-203.
Mamonova, Natalia, & Sutherland, Lee-Ann (2015), “Rural gentrification in Russia: Renegotiating identity, alternative food production and social tensions in the countryside”, Journal of Rural Stud- ies, Vol. 42, pp. 154-165.
Marsden, Terry (2012), “Towards a real sustainable agri‐food security and food policy: Beyond the ecological fallacies?”, The Political Quarterly, Vol. 83, nº 1, pp. 139-145.
Marsden, Terry, & Smith, Everard (2005), “Ecological entrepreneurship: Sustainable development in local communities through quality food production and local branding”, Geoforum, Vol. 36, nº 4, pp. 440-451.
Membretti, Andrea, & Lucchini, Fabio (2018), “Foreign immigration and housing issues in small alpine villages: Housing as a pull factor for new highlanders” in Kordel, Stefan, Weidinger, Tobias, & Jelen, Igor (eds.), Processes of Immigration in Rural Europe: The status Quo, Implications and Devel- opment Strategies, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 203-218.
Merlo, Valerio (2006), Voglia di campagna: Neoruralismo e città, Troina, Città Aperta Edizioni. Mitchell, Claire J., & Shannon, Meghan (2017), “Establishing the routes to rural in‐migrant proprietorship in a Canadian tourism region: A mobilities perspective”, Population, Space and Place, Vol. 24, nº 3, e2095.
Mitchell, Clare J. A. (2009), “Population growth in rural and small town Ontario: Metropolitan de- centralization or deconcentration?”, Canadian Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 32, nº 3, pp. 377-392.
Mitchell, Clare J. A. (2019), “The patterns and places of counterurbanization: A ‘macro’ perspective from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 70, pp. 104-116.
Mitra, Jay (2019), Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development: An Introduction, Ab- ingdon, Routledge.
Morillo, Maria J., & Pablos, Juan C. (2016), “La ‘autenticidad’ neorrural, a la luz de El sistema de los objetos de Baudrillard”, Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, nº 153, pp. 95-110.
Morisson, Arnault, & Bevilacqua, Carmelina (2019), “Balancing gentrification in the knowledge economy: The case of Chattanooga’s innovation district”, Urban Research & Practice, Vol. 12, nº 4, pp. 472-492.
Moss, Laurence A. G. (2006), “The amenity migrants: Ecological challenge to contemporary Shan- gri-La”, in Moss, Laurence A. G. (ed.), The Amenity Migrants Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures, Wallingford, CAB International, pp. 3-26.
Mullenbach, Lauren E., & Baker, Birgitta L. (2018), “Environmental justice, gentrification, and lei- sure: A systematic review and opportunities for the future”, Leisure Sciences, pp. 1-18.
Müller, Annika (2016). “The digital nomad: Buzzword or research category?”, Transnational Social Review, Vol. 6, nº 3, pp. 344-348.
Müller, Dieter K. (2006), “Amenity migration and tourism development in the Tärna Mountains, Sweden”, in Moss, Laurence A. G. (ed.), The Amenity Migrants Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures, Wallingford, CAB International, pp. 245-259.
Müller, Sabine, & Korsgaard, Steffen (2018), “Resources and bridging: The role of spatial context in rural entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 30, nº 1-2, pp. 224-255.
Murdoch, Jonathan (1998), Counterurbanisation and the Countryside: Some Causes and Conse- quences of Urban to Rural Migration, Cardiff, Department of City and Regional Planning, Cardiff Uni- versity.
Murphy, Patrick J., Liao, Jianwen, & Welsch, Harold P. (2006), “A conceptual history of entrepre- neurial thought”, Journal of Management History, Vol. 12, nº 1, pp. 12-35.
Naudé, Wim, Siegel, Melissa, & Marchand, Katrin (2017), “Migration, entrepreneurship and devel- opment: Critical questions”, IZA Journal of Migration, Vol. 6, nº 1, pp. 1-16.
Nelson, Peter B. (2018), “Spatial and temporal scale in comparative approaches to rural gentrifica- tion”, Dialogues in Human Geography, Vol. 8, nº 1, pp. 40-46.
Nelson, Peter B., & Hines, J. Dwight (2018), “Rural gentrification and networks of capital accumu- lation: A case study of Jackson, Wyoming”, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, Vol.50, nº 7, pp. 1473-1495.
Neumeier, Stefan (2012), “Why do social innovations in rural development matter and should they be considered more seriously in rural development research? Proposal for a stronger focus on social innovations in rural development research”, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 52, nº 1, pp. 48-69.
Nguyen, Duc L., Grote, Ulrike, & Nguyen, Trung T. (2017), “Migration and rural household expend- itures: A case study from Vietnam”, Economic Analysis and Policy, Vol. 56, pp. 163-175.
Nogué i Font, Joan (2012), “Neo-ruralism in the European context: Origins and evolution”, in Resina, Joan R., & Viestenz, William (eds.), The New ruralism: An Epistemology of Transformed Space, Ma- drid, Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert, pp. 28-41.
Oliveira, Maria F. S. (2014), “El concepto del emprendedorismo: ¿Todavía um problema?”, Revista Capital Científico-Eletrônica, Vol. 12, nº 1, pp. 117-132.
Oreszczyn, Sue, Lane, Andy, & Carr, Susan (2010), “The role of networks of practice and webs of influencers on farmers’ engagement with and learning about agricultural innovations”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 26, nº 4, pp. 404-417.
Orria, Brigida (2018), Moral economy of neo-rurality between urban and inner areas. Alternative agro-food markets in Campania, Tese de Doutoramento, Milão, Università Degli Studi Di Milano.
Orria, Brigida, & Luise, Vincenzo (2017), “Innovation in rural development: ‘Neo-rural’ farmers branding local quality of food and territory”, Italian Journal of Planning Practice, Vol. 7, nº 1, pp. 125- 153.
Ozgen, Ceren, Nijkamp, Peter, & Poot, Jacques (2017), “The elusive effects of workplace diversity on innovation”, Papers in Regional Science, Vol. 96, nº 1, pp. 29-49.
Pallarès-Blanch, Marta (2012), “Natural protected areas and rural/local development: A sustainable strategy in remote areas”, Urbani Izziv, Vol. 23, nº 2, pp. 87-96.
Pallarès-Blanch, Marta, Velasco, Maria J., & Pujol, Antoni F. T. (2014), “Naturbanization and urban- rural dynamics in Spain: Case study of new rural landscapes in Andalusia and Catalonia”, European Countryside, Vol. 6, nº 2, pp. 118-160.
Paniagua, Angel (2002), “Urban-rural migration, tourism entrepreneurs and rural restructuring in Spain”, Tourism Geographies, Vol. 4, nº 4, pp. 349-371.
Peng, Yu, Mi, Kai, Wang, Huiting, Liu, Zhengwei, Lin, Yongyi, Sang, Weiguo, & Cui, Qingtong (2019), “Most suitable landscape patterns to preserve indigenous plant diversity affected by increasing urbanization: A case study of Shunyi District of Beijing, China”, Urban Forestry & Urban Green- ing, Vol. 38, pp. 33-41.
Perlik, Manfred, Galera, Giulia, Machold, Ingrid, & Membretti, Andrea (2019), Alpine Refugees: Immigration at the Core of Europe, Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars.
Peroni, Chiara, Riillo, Cesare A., & Sarracino, Francesco (2016), “Entrepreneurship and immigra- tion: Evidence from GEM Luxembourg”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 46, nº 4, pp. 639-656.
Petticrew, Mark, & Roberts, Helen (2006), Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing.
Philip, Lorna, Macleod, Marsaili, & Stockdale, Aileen (2013). “Retirement transition, migration and remote rural communities: Evidence from the Isle of Bute”, Scottish Geographical Journal, Vol. 129, nº 2, pp. 122-136.
Phillips, Martin (2004), “Other geographies of gentrification”, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 28, nº 1, pp. 5-30.
Phillips, Martin (2010), “Counterurbanisation and rural gentrification: An exploration of the terms”, Population, Space and Place, Vol. 16, nº 6, pp. 539-558.
Phillips, Martin, & Smith, Darren (2018), “Comparative ruralism and ‘opening new windows’ on gentrification”, Dialogues in Human Geography, Vol. 8, nº 1, pp. 51-58.
Phillips, Martin, Smith, Darren, Brooking, Hannah, & Duer, Mara (2020), “Idyllic ruralities, dis- placement and changing forms of gentrification in rural Hertfordshire, England”, Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, Vol. 66, nº 2, pp. 259-287.
Phills, James A., Deiglmeier, Kriss, & Miller, Dale T. (2008), “Rediscovering social innovation”, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Vol. 6, nº 4, pp. 33-43.
Piętka-Nykaza, Eilia, & McGhee, Derek (2017), “EU post-accession Polish migrants trajectories and their settlement practices in Scotland”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 43, nº 9, pp. 1417- 1433.
Pilgeram, Ryanne (2019), “How much does property cost up there?: Exploring the relationship be- tween women, sustainable farming, and rural gentrification in the US”, Society & Natural Re- sources, Vol. 32, nº 8, pp. 911-927.
Píša, Jan, & Hruška, Vladan (2019), “Entrepreneurial in-migration and rural development in Czechia: A challenge of integrating the local and extra-local in rural planning”, Geographia Polonica, Vol. 92, nº 3, pp. 347-363.
Prados, Maria J. (2009), “Conceptual and methodological framework of naturbanization”, in Prados, Maria J. (ed.), Naturbanization: New Identities and Processes for Rural-Natural Areas, Londres, Taylor & Francis, pp. 11-28.
Presutti, Manuela, Boari, Cristina, Majocchi, Antonio, & Molina‐Morales, Xavier (2019), “Distance to customers, absorptive capacity, and iknnovation in high‐tech firms: The dark face of geographical proximity”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 57, nº 2, pp. 343-361.
Qian, Junxi, He, Shenjing, & Liu, Lin (2013). “Aestheticisation, rent-seeking, and rural gentrification amidst China’s rapid urbanisation: The case of Xiaozhou village, Guangzhou”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 32, pp. 331-345.
Qin, Hua (2016), “Newcomers and oldtimers: Do classification methods matter in the study of amen- ity migration impacts in rural America?”, Population and Environment, Vol. 38, nº 1, pp. 101-114.
Quaranta, Giovanni, Citro, Elisabetta, & Salvia, Rosanna (2016), “Economic and social sustainable synergies to promote innovations in rural tourism and local development”, Sustainability, Vol. 8, nº 7, pp. 1-15.
Quirós, Julieta (2019), “Born, raised, arrived: Class relations and socio-spatial geometries in neo- rural migration in contemporary Argentina”, Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Colombiana de Geo- grafía, Vol. 28, nº 2, pp. 271-287.
Rao, Dorasammy R. (2004), Culture and Entrepreneurship in Fiji’s Small Tourism Business Sector, Doctoral Dissertation, Melbourne, Australia, Victoria University.
Rasker, Ray & Hansen, Aandrew (2000), “Natural amenities and population growth in the Greater Yellowstone region”, Human Ecology Review, Vol. 7, nº 2, pp. 30-40.
Raza, Jamshed, Liu, Yuxin, & Usman, Muhammad (2019), “Corporate social responsibility commit- ment of small‐to‐medium enterprises and organizational competitive differentiation: Stakeholder pres- sure, market orientation, and socioeconomic context effects”, Journal of Public Affairs, Vol. 19, nº 2, e1897.
Reichert, Christiane V., Cromartie, John B., & Arthun, Ryan O. (2014), “Impacts of return migration on rural US communities”, Rural Sociology, Vol. 79, nº 2, pp. 200-226.
Richard, Frédéric, Dellier, Julien, & Tommasi, Greta (2014), “Migration, environment and rural gen- trification in the Limousin mountains”, Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de Géographie Alpine, Vol. 102, nº 3, pp. 1-15.
Rico, Neus M., & Fuller, Anthony M. (2016), “Newcomers to farming: Towards a new rurality in Europe”, Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, Vol. 62, nº 3, pp. 531-551.
Rivera, Maria J. (2013), “Translating ex-urban dwellers’ rural. Representations into residential prac- tices and rural futures”, in Silva, Luís, & Figueiredo, Elisabete (eds.), Shaping Rural Areas in Europe: Perceptions and Outcomes on the Present and the Future, Dordrecht, Springer, pp. 25-39.
Rivera, Maria J., & Mormont, Marc (2007), “Neo-rurality and the different meanings of the country- side”, Les Mondes Ruraux à L’épreuve des Sciences Sociales, pp. 33-45.
Roca, Maria N. (2011), Os novos rurais da Beira Interior: (Potenciais) agentes de desenvolvimento local, Poster Session Presented at Seminário Ibérico: Combate à Desertificação, Abandono Rural e Des- povoamento – Intervenções Raianas, Idanha-a-Nova.
Rouvière, Catherine (2015), Retourner à la Terre. L’Utopie Néo-Rurale en Ardèche Depuis les An- nées 1960, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Rowe, Francisco, Bell, Martin, Bernard, Aude, Charles-Edwards, Elin, & Ueffing, Philip (2019), “Impact of internal migration on population redistribution in Europe: Urbanisation, counterurbanisation or spatial equilibrium?”, Comparative Population Studies, Vol. 44, pp. 201-234.
Saint Onge, Jarron M., Hunter, Lori M., & Boardman, Jason D. (2007), “Population growth in highamenity rural areas: Does it bring socioeconomic benefits for long-term residents?”, Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 88, nº 2, pp. 366-381.
Saleilles, Séverine (2006), “Les entrepreneurs néo-ruraux: Un ancrage territorial atypique”, in Actes du colloque international - Les Mondes Ruraux à l’Épreuve des Sciences Sociales, Dijon, pp. 17-19.
Sardinha, João (2018), “Neo-rural lifestyle migrants in Central Portugal: Defining one’s place in countryside abroad”, in Kordel, Stefan, Weidinger, Tobias, & Jelen, Igor (eds.), Processes of Immigra- tion in Rural Europe: The Status Quo, Implications and Development Strategies, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 119-139.
Schouten, John W., Martin, Diane M., Blakaj, Hedon, & Botez, Andrei (2016), “From counterculture movement to mainstream market: Emergence of the U.S. organic food industry”, in Canniford, Robin, & Bajde, Domen (eds.), Assembling Consumption: Researching Actors, Networks and Markets, Abing- don, Routledge, pp. 21-31.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1982), Teoria do Desenvolvimento Econômico: Uma Investigação Sobre Lucros, Capital, Crédito, Juro e o Ciclo Econômico, São Paulo, Abril Cultural.
Shiva, Vandana (2016), The Violence of the Green Revolution. Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics, Londres & New Jersey, Zed Books.
Silva, Carla, Seabra, Cláudia, Pereira, Andreia, Abrantes, José L., & Reis, Manuel (2019), “Resi- dents’ images of rural spaces through different generations”, in Sousa, Cristina, Freitas, Isabel V., & Marques, Jorge (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Tourism Research, Porto, Academic Conferences and Publishing International Limited, pp. 299-307.
Silva, Diogo S., Figueiredo, Elisabete, Eusébio, Celeste, & Carneiro, Maria J. (2016), “The country- side is worth a thousand words – Portuguese representations on rural areas”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 44, pp. 77-88.
Simard, Myriam, & Guimond, Laurie (2012), “Que penser de l’embourgeoisement rural au Québec? Visions différenciées d’acteurs locaux”, Recherches Sociographiques, Vol. 53, nº 3, pp. 527-553.
Smith, Darren P., & Higley, Rebecca (2012), “Circuits of education, rural gentrification, and family migration from the global city”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 28, nº 1, pp. 49-55.
Snipstal, Blain (2015), “Repeasantization, agroecology and the tactics of food sovereignty”, Cana- dian Food Studies/La Revue Canadienne des Études sur L’Alimentation, Vol. 2, nº 2, pp. 164-173.
Solana, Miguel (2008), “El encanto de lo rural, los términos del debate sobre la migración hacia áreas rurales desde la geografía británica y las contribuciones españolas. Un estado de la cuestión”, Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, Vol. 13, nº 776, em http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/b3w- 776.htm.
Solana, Miguel (2010), “Rural gentrification in Catalonia, Spain? A case study of migration, social change and conflicts in the Empordanet area”, Geoforum, Vol. 41, nº 3, pp. 508-517.
Spocter, Manfred (2013). “Rural gated developments as a contributor to post-productivism in the Western Cape”, South African Geographical Journal, Vol. 95, nº 2, pp. 165-186.
Stathopoulou, Sophia, Psaltopoulos, Demetrios, & Skuras, Dimitris (2004), “Rural entrepreneurship in Europe”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 10, nº 6, pp. 404-425.
Steiner, Artur, & Teasdale, Simon (2019), “Unlocking the potential of rural social enterprise”, Jour- nal of Rural Studies, Vol. 70, pp. 144-154.
Stuart, Toby, & Sorenson, Olav (2003), “The geography of opportunity: Spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms”, Research Policy, Vol. 32, nº 2, pp. 229- 253.
Sylla, Marta, Lasota, Tadeusz, & Szewrański, Szymon (2019), “Valuing environmental amenities in peri-urban areas: Evidence from Poland”, Sustainability, Vol. 11, nº 3, pp. 570, pp. 1-15.
Szabo, Sylvia, Adger, William N., & Matthews, Zoe (2018), “Home is where the money goes: Mi- gration-related urban-rural integration in delta regions”, Migration and Development, Vol. 7, nº 2, pp. 163-179.
Thornton, Patricia H., & Flynn, Katherine H. (2003), “Entrepreneurship, networks, and geogra- phies”, in Acs, Zoltan J., & Audretsch, David B. (eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Bos- ton, MA, Springer, pp. 401-433.
Tulla, Antoni-Francesc, Stoica, Ilinca-Valentina, Pallarès-Blanch, Marta, & Zamfir, Daniela (2017), “Can naturbanization promote environmentally friendly built-up areas? A comparison between Cadí- Moixeró (Catalonia, Spain) and Comana (Romania) natural parks”, European Countryside, Vol. 9, nº 4, pp. 679-708.
Ulrich‐Schad, Jessica D., & Qin, Hua (2018), “Culture clash? Predictors of views on amenity‐led development and community involvement in rural recreation counties”, Rural Sociology, Vol. 83, nº 1, pp. 81-108.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420), Nova Iorque, United Nations.
Van der Ploeg, Jan D. (2010), “The peasantries of the twenty-first century: The commoditisation debate revisited”, The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 37, nº 1, pp. 1-30.
Vannini, Phillip, & Taggart, Jonathan (2013), “Voluntary simplicity, involuntary complexities, and the pull of remove: The radical ruralities of off-grid lifestyles”, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 45, nº 2, pp. 295-311.
Vepsäläinen, Mia, & Pitkänen, Kati, (2010), “Second home countryside. Representations of the rural in Finnish popular discourses”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 26, nº 2, pp. 194-204
Viazzo, Pier P., & Zanini, Roberta C. (2014), “‘Taking advantage of emptiness’? Anthropological perspectives on mountain repopulation and spaces of cultural creativity in the Alpine area”, Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de Géographie Alpine, Vol. 102, nº 3, pp. 1-10.
Wanderley, Maria N. B. (2000), “A emergência de uma nova ruralidade nas sociedades modernas avançadas – O ‘rural’ como espaço singular e ator coletivo”, Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura, Vol. 8, nº 2, pp. 87-145.
Wang, Blair, Schlagwein, Daniel, Cecez-Kecmanovic, Drubavka, & Cahalane, Michael C. (2018), “Digital work and high-tech wanderers: Three theoretical framings and a research agenda for digital nomadism”, Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Sydney.
Welter, Friederike (2011), “Contextualizing entrepreneurship – Conceptual challenges and ways for- ward”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 35, nº 1, pp. 165-184.
Zimmermann, Klaus F. (1996), “European migration: Push and pull”, International Regional Science Review, Vol. 19, nº 1-2, pp. 95-128.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2021 RPER

Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0.